Correlative Conjunctions

Do you have a favorite pair of shoes? You can’t wear just the left shoe without the right one, can you?

The same concept applies to Correlative Conjunctions. They are conjunctions that always work in pairs. You cannot use one word without its partner in a single sentence.

Their job is similar to Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS), which is to connect two equal grammatical elements (noun to noun, or phrase to phrase), but with a much stronger emphasis.

4 Main Pairs of Correlative Conjunctions

There are only four pairs of correlative conjunctions that are most frequently used in English:

1. Both … and …

Used to connect two things that are positive or true. It emphasizes that BOTH things are involved.

  • Both my father and my mother are doctors. (They are both doctors).
  • She is both smart and beautiful.

2. Either … or …

Used to emphasize a choice between two things. Only ONE of the two things is chosen or true.

  • You can have either tea or coffee. (Choose one).
  • Either you leave now, or I will call the police.

3. Neither … nor …

This is the negative form of both…and. It is used to state that NOT ONE of the two things is chosen or true.

  • I like neither cats nor dogs. (I don’t like either of them).
  • Neither John nor his friends came to the party.

4. Not only … but also …

Used to provide an element of surprise. Something is not just A, but more than that, it is also B!

  • He speaks not only English but also French.
  • Not only is she a talented singer, but she is also a great dancer.

The Rule of Balance (Parallel Structure)

This is the most important grammar rule when using Correlative Conjunctions: What follows the first word must be the same type as what follows the second word.

If the first word is followed by a noun, then the second word must also be followed by a noun. This is called Parallel Structure.

  • Correct: He is not only smart (Adjective), but also funny (Adjective).

  • Incorrect: He is not only smart, but also plays piano (Verb). -> Not balanced!

  • Correct: You can either stay (Verb) or leave (Verb).

  • Incorrect: You can either stay or to leave.

Conclusion: Memorize the four pairs because they cannot be mixed up (do not pair either with nor!). And always make sure the elements you are connecting have an equal grammatical form.