Perubahan Tenses dalam Kalimat Tidak Langsung
Ketika kata kerja pelapor (seperti said atau told) berada dalam bentuk lampau (past tense), maka kata kerja di dalam kalimat yang dilaporkan harus bergeser satu langkah ke masa lampau. Proses tata bahasa ini disebut backshifting.
1. Tabel Aturan Pergeseran Tenses (Backshifting)
Berikut adalah pemetaan lengkap perubahan bentuk kata kerja dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung:
| Tense Kalimat Langsung | Bentuk Kata Kerja (Langsung) | Tense Kalimat Tidak Langsung | Bentuk Kata Kerja (Tidak Langsung) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | write / writes | Simple Past | wrote |
| Present Continuous | am/is/are writing | Past Continuous | was/were writing |
| Simple Past | wrote | Past Perfect | had written |
| Present Perfect | have/has written | Past Perfect | had written |
| Past Continuous | was/were writing | Past Perfect Continuous | had been writing |
| Simple Future (will) | will write | Conditional (would) | would write |
| Modal: can | can write | could | could write |
| Modal: may | may write | might | might write |
| Modal: must | must write | had to (atau must) | had to write |
2. Contoh Penerapan Perubahan Tenses
Mari kita lihat bagaimana aturan-aturan ini diterapkan dalam contoh kalimat:
- Simple Present -> Simple Past:
- Langsung: “I live in London,” he said.
- Tidak Langsung: He said that he lived in London.
- Present Continuous -> Past Continuous:
- Langsung: “We are washing the car,” she said.
- Tidak Langsung: She said they were washing the car.
- Simple Past / Present Perfect -> Past Perfect:
- Langsung: “I bought a book,” Jack said.
- Tidak Langsung: Jack said that he had bought a book.
- Langsung: “I have eaten dinner,” she said.
- Tidak Langsung: She said she had eaten dinner.
- Will -> Would:
- Langsung: “I will help you tomorrow,” Bob said.
- Tidak Langsung: Bob said he would help me the next day.
3. Kata Kerja yang Tidak Berubah
Beberapa bentuk tenses dan modal verbs tertentu sudah berada di bentuk paling lampau sehingga tidak mengalami perubahan dalam kalimat tidak langsung:
- Past Perfect: He said, “I had finished.” -> He said he had finished.
- Should, Would, Could, Might, Ought to: She said, “You should go.” -> She said I should go.
4. Pengecualian pada Aturan Backshifting
Kita tidak melakukan pergeseran tenses (backshifting) dalam dua kondisi berikut:
A. Kata Kerja Pelapor Menggunakan Present Tense
Jika kata kerja pelapor menggunakan bentuk present seperti says, tells, reports (bukannya said atau told), maka tenses di dalam kalimat tidak mengalami pergeseran.
- Langsung: He says, “I am hungry.” -> Tidak Langsung: He says he is hungry.
B. Pernyataan Berupa Kebenaran Umum atau Masih Benar Terjadi
Jika pernyataan yang dilaporkan merupakan kebenaran umum ilmiah yang permanen atau situasinya masih berlangsung ketika dilaporkan, pergeseran tenses bersifat opsional.
- Langsung: She said, “Water boils at 100°C.” -> Tidak Langsung: She said that water boils at 100°C.